Kodi Zakudya Zochepa Zochepa Zakufa?
Kuyambira mu 1977, boma la United States ndi American Heart Association (AHA) zatha zaka zoposa 30 zikulimbikitsa Amereka kuti achepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amadya zakudya zawo, osapitirira 25 mpaka 35% ya makilogalamu a tsiku ndi tsiku. Malingaliro amenewa, omwe anatsika mwakachetechete mu 2010, adachokera ku lingaliro lakuti, popeza mafuta odyera amawonjezera mafuta a kolesterolini, kuchepetsa kuchepetsa mafuta kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Ngakhale kulimbikitsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, umboni wa sayansi womwe umatsutsana kwambiri ndi mafuta ochepetsa mafutawa umachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a atherosclerosis ndi-ndipo nthawizonse wakhala - opanda mphamvu.
Malangizo a boma pa Mafuta a Zakudya
Malangizo omwe anthu onse amafunika kuti athetsere kuchuluka kwa mafuta mu chakudya chathu adayamba kupyolera mu Congress ndi McGovern Commission yomwe, mu 1977 pambuyo pa mitu yambiri yokhudza zakudya ndi zaumoyo, inasindikiza buku loyamba la Zolinga za ku United States . Panthawi yomwe idadziwika kuti kudya mafuta odzaza amachititsa kuti mafuta a cholesterol ayambe kuwonjezeka, motero (kuganiza kuti), kudya mafuta odzaza kumayambitsa matenda amtundu wodwala (CAD). (Lingaliro limeneli silinayambe mu maphunziro otsatira.)
Ngakhale mu 1977 asayansi ankadziwa kuti si mafuta onse omwe ndi "oyipa," ndipo ndithudi kuti mafuta ena ndi ofunika kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino la mtima. Koma Komiti ya McGovern inatsimikiza kuchepetsa mafuta onse, kuti achepetse matenda a mtima ndipo (kuganiza molakwika) kuti amenyane ndi kunenepa kwambiri.
Iwo ankawopa kuti angangosokoneza anthu poyesa kufotokoza uthenga wovuta kwambiri womwe mafuta ambiri ayenera kupewa, koma mafuta ena ndi ofunikira. Choncho, uthengawu unayamba kupeĊµa mafuta onse, ndipo mmalo mwake kudalira kwambiri zakudya zamagulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa caloric.
Chiphunzitso cha mafuta otsika kwambiri choterechi chinakhalapo kwa zaka 40 zotsatira, ndi chiwonetsero cha boma lonse la US ndi AHA.
Umboni
Ngakhale izi zokhudzana ndi nthawi yayitali komanso zokhudzana ndi zakudya zopatsa mafuta, zotsatira zopititsa patsogolo zakhala zikulephera kupeza umboni wowonjezereka wakuti mafuta apamwamba amawononga CAD. Nazi zina mwa maphunziro ofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi:
Sukulu ya Nurses Health Study yazaka 20, kafukufuku wamagulu okhudza amayi 80,000, sanawonetse mgwirizano pakati pa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima ndi mafuta odyetsa. Kufufuza meta kumeneku kwafukufuku angapo kumasonyeza kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa mafuta ndi matenda a mtima kapena imfa.
Pakati pa mayesero ovuta kwambiri omwe anachitapo kuti aphunzire mafuta a zakudya, a Women's Health Initiative amachititsa kuti amayi oposa 48,000 azidya zakudya zochepa (ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti asinthe zakudya zamtundu uliwonse kuti azichepetsa mafuta okwanira 20 peresenti, ndikuwonjezera kumwa masamba ndi ndiwo zamasamba) kapena gulu lolamulira limene limalandira "chakudya" chokhacho (gulu lolamulira linadya 37% ya chakudya chawo kuchokera ku mafuta). Pambuyo pa zaka 8, panalibe kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha CAD mu gulu la mafuta ochepa. Ndipotu, khalidweli linali lachangu.
Mayesero ena osasintha amalephera kuwonetsa phindu la zakudya zochepa.
Kafukufuku wowonjezera walephera kusonyeza ngozi yochepetsera khansa yomwe imadya zakudya zochepa, kapena kuti zakudya zochepa kwambiri za mafuta zimakhala zochepa kwambiri.
Mwachidule, patatha zaka makumi angapo akuphunzira, palibe umboni wosatsutsika wakuti kuchepetsa mafuta okwanira osachepera 30 - 35% a calories tsiku ndi tsiku kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima, khansa kapena kunenepa kwambiri.
Nanga Bwanji Zakudya Za Ornish?
Zakudya za Ornish, ndi mitundu yambiri ya zakudya zowonongeka kwambiri, amadzitcha kuti siziteteza kokha CAD, komanso kuti ayimbenso. Zakudyazi ndizovuta kwambiri kuletsa zakudya zamafuta - makamaka kuchokera ku zinyama - kusiyana ndi zakudya zochepa zomwe mafuta akudandaula ndi AHA.
Othandiza pa zakudya za mtundu wa Ornish amanena, moyenera, kuti maphunziro omwe alephera kusonyeza phindu ndi zakudya za AHA-sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zakudya zawo zowonjezera mafuta.
Komabe, malingaliro akuti zakudya za Ornish-zimatsimikiziridwa bwino zimachokera ku deta yopanda ungwiro yomwe imakhala yosamveka bwino kuti ifufuze zolinga. Zomwe amaganiza kuti zakudya zamakono zowononga zamasamba zimalepheretsa kapena kusintha matenda a mtima sizinatsimikizidwe kuti ndizovomerezeka kapena zosatsutsika, ngakhale kuti ndizo lingaliro loyenerera kuphunzira.
Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri
Malingaliro akuti aliyense adye chakudya chokhala ndi mafuta ochepa anali kuyambira pachiyambi pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zopotoka, ndipo pa chisankho chodzipereka kupereka nsembe molondola kuti apange mosavuta uthenga. Pambuyo pazaka zoposa 30 poyesa kutsimikizira kuti zakudya zochepa za mafuta zimachepa matenda a mtima, mayesero a chipatala sanagwirizane ndi ndondomeko yaitali kuti aliyense ayenera kudya zakudya zopanda mafuta.
Malangizo ochokera kwa boma ndi AHA sakunena za zakudya zonenepa, komabe amalangiza kwambiri kuchepetsa mafuta odzaza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka wamakono wochepa. Mu February, 2015, Komiti Yopereka Malangizo Okhudzana ndi Zakudya (DGAC, komiti yomwe imayang'ana sayansi ya zakuthupi zaka zisanu zilizonse m'malo mwa boma la US), inafalitsa lipoti lake laposachedwapa. Mu lipotili, kulimbikitsidwa kulikonse kwa zakudya zochepa kwambiri sikupezekapo. M'malo mwake, DGAC imati, "... malingaliro a zakudya ayenera kutsindika kukulitsa mitundu ya mafuta odyera osati kuchepetsa mafuta onse."
Zochepa pokhudzana ndi mafuta odyetseratu, zakudya zowonongeka zimagwirizana ndi sayansi.
> Zotsatira:
> Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, et al. Chitsanzo cha Zakudya Zochepa Zoopsa ndi Kuopsa kwa Matenda a Maganizo: A Women's Health Initiative Mchitidwe Wosinthidwa Zakudya Zowonongeka. JAMA 2006; 295: 655.
Oh K, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. Matenda a Zakudya ndi Kuopsa kwa Matenda a Mtima Wa Coronary Akazi: Zaka 20 Zotsatira Zamaphunziro a Achirendo a Zaumoyo. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 672.
> Ornish D, Scherwitz L, Billings J, et al. Kusintha Kwambiri Kwambiri pa Moyo Wathu Kusintha kwa Matenda a Mtima wa Coronary Kukumana kwa Zaka zisanu za Moyo wa Moyo Woyesedwa. JAMA 1998; 280: 2001-2007
Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary Fat ndi Coronary Heart Disease: Chidule cha Umboni Wochokera ku Choyembekezeka Cohort ndi Mayesero Olamuliridwa Okhazikika. Ann Nutr Metab 2009; 55: 173.