Masiku ano kuli kosavomerezeka kupereka zinyama kuti zikhale zolemera
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, alimi adapanga masewera osinthira masewera: Zilombo zathanzi zomwe zinapatsidwa maantibayotiki zinalemera. Ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwake-pafupifupi magawo atatu peresenti-kungawonekere kukhala kosavomerezeka, mu makampani akuluakulu komwe kulikonse komwe kumawerengeka, ngakhale phindu lolemera la mapaundi angapo pa ng'ombe lingatanthauze madola mamiliyoni ambiri.
Mu 1995, a FDA adavomereza kuwonjezereka kwa maantibayotiki ku chakudya cha mbuzi ndi madzi.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, tawona kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya osagwira mankhwala (antibiotic resistance). Mwachitsanzo, 20 peresenti ya nyama yonse ili ndi salmonella yomwe imakhala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala. Anthu ambiri adatchula kuwonjezereka kwapadera kwapadera monga chiyeso chomveka choletsa kupatsa mankhwala opha tizilombo. Pa January 3, 2017, pamapeto pake analetsedwa kupereka mankhwala opha tizilombo kuti akhale ndi ziweto zokhazokha.
Chifukwa Chake Ziweto Zimapatsidwa Maantibayotiki
Ngakhale kuti nambala yeniyeniyo ndi yovuta kuyeza, zikuyesa kuti pakati pa 15 ndi 17 miliyoni mapaundi a antibiotic amaperekedwa kwa ziweto chaka chilichonse. Chiwerengero china chiwerengero cha 18 peresenti ya kilogalamu 22.7 miliyoni za ma antibayotiki opangidwa ku United States pachaka.
Ziweto zimapatsidwa mankhwala opha tizilombo pazifukwa zinayi:
- Mankhwala amagwiritsira ntchito: kuchiza nyama zodwala
- Metaphylaxis: Ng'ombe imodzi ikakhala m'gulu la nkhosa kapena nkhosa ikudwala ndipo nyama zonse zimapatsidwa chithandizo chamagulu kanthaŵi kochepa pofuna kupewa kufala kwa matenda.
- Prophylaxis: kuteteza matenda kuti asachitike ku ziweto
- Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsira ntchito : kumene mankhwala opha tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kulemera kapena nyama zabwino m'gulu la ziweto
Nthawi zina alimi amafunika kupereka nyama zawo mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki kapena pamene matenda akuluakulu amawopsya ng'ombe ndi famu. Utsogoleri woterewu ndi waufupi ndipo umayesetsabe kulimbana ndi matenda omwe ayamba kale kapena kufalikira.
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa matenda a ziweto pakati pa ziweto ndizovuta kwambiri.
Zoopsa za Ukhondo wa Antibiotic mu Zinyama
Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo nthawi zonse, takhala tikuwona chiwerengero cha majeremusi osagwira ntchito m'magulu onse a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kamodzi kawirikawiri, kuthamanga kwa fluoroquinolone kunakhala kofala kwambiri pambuyo poti a FDA amalola olima kuika fluoroquinolones monga Baytril mu chakudya ndi madzi. (Panopa, malamulo a boma amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a Baytril. Mwachidziwitso, mankhwalawa angagwiritsidwe ntchito pochizira matenda a nyama.)
Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti maantibayotiki amene amaperekedwa ku ziweto zochepa kapena zapakhungu zimapha zomera zachibadwa zabakiteriya. Mwa kupha zomera zowonongekazi, nyama zimatha kudyetsa chakudya chawo bwino, chakudya chochepa chimafunika kudyetsa, ndipo chimbudzi chochepa chimapangidwa. Komabe, mavitamini ena osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kusunga mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikupita ku chakudya. Anthu akamadya zakudya zopanda chophika, mabakiteriyawa amachititsa anthu kukhala ndi moyo. Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti ogwira ntchito zinyamazi angathe kutenga kachilombo ka mabakiteriya osakanizidwa ndi mankhwala posangokhudza zinyama.
Matenda a antibiotic ndi vuto lalikulu la thanzi la anthu. Malingana ndi Landers ndi olemba mabuku, pali "kufalikira kwodziwika kuti maantibayotiki amagwiritsira ntchito zinyama zodyera ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu adwale matenda opha tizilombo."
Ngakhale kuti mankhwala ochepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'thupi mwachinyama amachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha salmonella, E. coli, ndi zina zotero, zikhale zowonjezereka mwa anthu, umboni weniweni wakuti kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mankhwalawa kukuyambitsa matenda. Komanso, kuchulukitsitsa kwa mabakiteriya osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala sikungokhala kokha chifukwa cha ziweto zogwiritsira ntchito maantibayotiki okha.
Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kulemba kwapadera kumawonjezera vuto. Kuphatikiza ndi machenjezo a kuchuluka kwa mtengo wochotsedwa chifukwa cha kutaya kwa ma antibiotic management, opanga nyama amatchulidwanso zifukwa zina pazokambirana zawo kuti apitirize kuchita.
Kodi FDA ikugwiritsa ntchito bwanji mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'matumba?
Lobbies ndi mphamvu zamphamvu. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuti mfundo zambiri za anthu zimakhazikitsidwa ndi akatswiri amalingaliro ndi mgwirizano zinapangitsa msewu kukonzanso yaitali. Komabe, mu 2013, chipani cha FDA chotsogoleredwa ndi chitukuko cha # 213, kapena GFI # 213, chidziwitso chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mwanzeru. Mu December 2016, a FDA anasintha malangizo awa. Komanso mu 2016, opanga mankhwala opha tizilombo anavomera kusintha kapena kuchotsa malemba omwe amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a antibiotic kuti adye mafuta. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuchokera ku ziweto tsopano sikuletsedwa.
Poyang'ana mmbuyo, GFI # 213 analimbikitsa omwe amapanga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti asinthe mankhwala opha tizilombo kuchokera kumsika mpaka kukalembera mankhwalawa ndipo amafuna kuti mankhwalawa azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. mankhwala okha chifukwa cha matenda ndi kupewa matenda.
Patapita nthawi, Elanco ndi Zoetis, awiri omwe amapanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, adagwirizana kuti azitsatira Chitsogozo # 213. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, Tyson, Purdue ndi Foster Farms onse adagwirizana kuti alepheretse ntchito yawo yopatsa mankhwala ochepetsa matenda ochepetsa matenda ophera tizilombo ku ziweto. Panthawiyi, McDonald's, Papa wa Wendy ndi Wendy sanafunanso kugula nyama kuchokera kwa ogulitsa omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo. Pambuyo pake, onse ogulitsa mafakitale anavomerezeka kuchotsa mauthenga ochokera ku malemba omwe amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo kuti apeze kulemera kwa ng'ombe. Pomaliza, mofanana ndi ku Canada, mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, ndi South Korea, chizoloŵezi ichi n'choletsedwa ku United States.
Pansi
Kuwonjezera ma antibayotiki kukana-makamaka mankhwala athu otsiriza monga anti-fluoroquinolones-tsiku lina amatanthauza kuti mankhwalawa sagwiranso ntchito. Sitidzatetezedwanso ndi mankhwala athu! Ndi nyama zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timachita, kuopa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Nyama ngati nkhumba zimakhala zowonongeka mwatsatanetsatane pofuna kusankha ndi kubwezeretsanso kwa mankhwala osakanizidwa ndi mabakiteriya. Ndipotu, mabakiteriyawa akamagwidwa ndi ziweto, zilumba zamatenda (zomwe zimatchedwa integrins) zimasinthasintha zomwe zimapereka mankhwala osokoneza bongo ambiri. Ndiko kusuntha kolimbikitsa kuti kachitidwe ka kupereka ziweto zowonjezera mavitamini kulemera kuli koletsedwa tsopano ku United States.
Zotsatira:
Kuehn BM. FDA ikutsogolera kukonza mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala m'zinyama. JAMA. 2014.
Landers, TF, et al. Kubwereza kwa Antibiotic Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zakudya Zanyama: Cholinga, Ndondomeko, ndi Potheka. Mauthenga a Zaumoyo Amtundu. 2012; 127: 4-22.
Mathew AG. Kukana kwa Antibiotic M'mabakiteriya Ophatikiza ndi Chakudya Chakudya: United States Yoganizira za Zofalitsa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi Matenda . 2007.
> Kupititsa patsogolo Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Malangizo a FDA kwa Makampani # 213. December 23, 2016. www.fda.gov.