Chakudya chopatsa thanzi chopatsa thanzi chimakhala pamlengalenga pamwamba pathu, nthaka pansi pathu ndi mitengo yonse ndi chitsamba chooneka: tizilombo. N'zoona kuti kudya tizilombo kungaoneke ngati koopsa komanso koopsa. Komabe, kutsekula m'mimba , kapenanso kachitidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi anthu, ndi mbiri yakale. Komanso, osachepera 0,2 peresenti ya tizilombo ndi zoipa kwa munthu, nyama kapena zomera.
Mbiri Yachidule Yophiphiritsa
Insectivory-dzina lina loti chidziwitso chaching'onoting'ono-chimatsimikiziridwa mu zolemba zakale zokha. Pofufuza njira zazing'onoting'ono, asayansi anapeza kuti munthu wakale, amene anakhalako zaka zoposa miliyoni zapitazo m'dera lomwe tsopano ndi South Africa, adagwiritsa ntchito zida zamatabwa kuti apeze chimbudzi kuchokera ku mounds.
Maganizo osiyanasiyana akhala akuyandama omwe amafotokozera tanthauzo la chitetezo choyambirira pambaliyi:
- Kuwombera m'mimba kunali koopsa kwambiri kuposa kusaka kapena kuwomba
- Zapereka ndalama zambiri kuti zipeze zofunika pamoyo
- Zinali nyengo ndipo zinkathandiza kuthandizira zakudya zowonjezera zomwe sizikupezeka mu zakudya zakudya
- Inkafunikira zipangizo zamakono monga chidebe kapena chida choyenera kufufuza ndikuchotsa
- Icho chinapereka chakudya chomwe chingatengedwe ndi kusinthanitsa
- Icho chinalimbikitsa kugawidwa kwa ntchito pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ndi amayi omwe ali ndi udindo wowonkhanitsa tizilombo.
Ponena za munthu wamakono, chiwerengero cha anthu odwala matendawa chimalembedwa m'mitundu 300 m'mayiko 113 padziko lonse lapansi.
Chizoloŵezi cha chitetezo chimapezeka kwambiri pakati pa miyambo ya ku Asia ndi Africa komanso Central ndi South America. Mu zina mwa mabungwewa, mpaka 10 peresenti ya zakudya za munthu zimachokera ku zinyama.
Mu 1885, chitetezo chinadziwika kwambiri kwa omvera a Kumadzulo ndi kutulutsa buku lotchedwa Why Not Eat Insects?
ndi katswiri wamaphunziro a Chingerezi Vincent M. Holt. Posachedwapa, pakati pa 1988 ndi 2000, Gene DeFoliart, yemwe ali ndi kafukufuku wamakono, ndi pulofesa ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin-Madison, adafalitsa nthawi yodziwika bwino yotchedwa The Food Insects Newsletter .
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, bungwe la United Nations la Food and Agricultural lakhala likuchititsa zokambirana kuti zithandizire kuti anthu azikhala ndi njala padziko lonse lapansi komanso azifalitsa buku lotchedwa Chodyera Chakudya: Tsogolo Labwino la Chakudya ndi Chakudya Chakudya , chomwe chatembenuzidwa m'zilankhulo zingapo maulendo oposa 7 miliyoni.
Malingana ndi olemba a bukhu ili:
"Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zonse timakhala tikudya zakudya za anthu , koma m'madera ena muli zovuta kwambiri kuti azidya. Ngakhale kuti tizilombo tambirimbiri timadya kuchokera ku malo okhala m'nkhalango, njira zatsopano zowonetsera mitu zakhala zikuyamba m'mayiko ambiri. Tizilombo timapereka mwayi wapadera wokuphatikiza zidziwitso ndi sayansi zamakono m'mayiko omwe akutukuka ndi omwe akutukuka. "
Ngakhale kuti tizilombo kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitikupangitsanso malo okhala kudera lakumadzulo, zakhala zikuwonjezeka chidwi ndi chitetezo.
Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, mankhwala opangira kakhati, monga ufa wa kricket, ma coki ndi mapuloteni, alikukula. Ku Ulaya, kupezeka kwa tizilombo ndi zakudya zomwe zimapezeka ndi tizilombo zikufala kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, dzombe, maphwando a zakudya, ndi makokoti amapezeka pamisika ina. Ku Netherlands, makasitomala oposa 500 amagulitsanso burgers ndi zikhomo zomwe zimakhala ndi ufa wa wodya.
Ndizirombo ziti Zidye?
Zing'onozing'ono zokhazokha zamoyo zokwana 30 miliyoni zokhala ndi tizilombo timadya. Makamaka, pafupifupi 2000 mwa tizilombo timadya. Ambiri mwa tizilombowa amatsatira malamulo asanu:
- Coleoptera (mwachitsanzo, nyamakazi)
- Hymenoptera (mwachitsanzo, mavu, njuchi, ndi nyerere)
- Isopera (mwachitsanzo, termites)
- Lepidoptera (mwachitsanzo, njenjete ndi agulugufe)
- Orthoptera (mwachitsanzo, dzombe ndi ziphuphu)
Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations, apa pali chiwerengero cha kutsekemera kwa mtundu wa tizilombo:
- 31 peresenti ya tizilombo timene timadya ndi anthu ndi nyongolotsi
- 18 peresenti ndi mbozi
- 14 peresenti ndi madontho, njuchi, ndi nyerere
- 13 peresenti ndi cricket, dzombe, ndi dzombe
- 10 peresenti ndi cicadas ndi pentatomid (kununkhira) tizirombo.
- 3 peresenti ndi zothamanga
- 3 peresenti ndi dragonflies
- 2 peresenti ndi ntchentche
- 5 peresenti ndi mitundu ina
Kodi Tizilombo Tomwe Timapatsa thanzi N'zotani?
Mbali zambiri, tizirombo timakhala ndi thanzi labwino. Chofunika chenicheni cha nthendayi ya munthu aliyense chimadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mitundu, zachikhalidwe, zachilengedwe (nyengo yozizira ndi nyengo zam'mlengalenga), siteji ya chitukuko ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mapuloteni.
Nazi mfundo zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi la tizilombo:
- Mapuloteni ndi chinthu chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chimapezeka mu tizilombo
- Ponena za kulemera kwake, mapuloteni amawerengeka pakati pa 7% ndi 91 peresenti. Mitundu yambiri ili pafupi maperesenti 60 peresenti
- Sikuti mapuloteni onse mu tizilombo ndi digestible. Mapuloteni ena amagwidwa mu chitin, yomwe ndi mbali yosawerengeka ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
- Mitundu ya tizilombo ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imakhala yofanana ndi ya nyama
- Mafuta a mapuloteni amakhala 13 peresenti mu dzombe, makoswe, ndi ziwala mpaka 33 peresenti ya kafadala ndi grubs
- Mphutsi imakhala ndi mafuta ambiri
- Tizilombo tambiri timakhala ndi mafuta ambiri osatsuka monga nkhuku ndi nsomba; Komabe, tizilombo timene timakhala ndi mafuta oposa polyunsaturated kuposa nkhuku kapena nsomba
- Chifukwa tizilombo tilibe zipolopolo zowerengeka monga chakudya, zimakhala ndi calcium . Tizilombo tina timene timakhala ngati mitengo ya kanjedza, timawato ndi timbozi timakhala ndi chitsulo komanso zinc
Kodi Tizilombo Timadya Bwanji?
Njira yodziwika kwambiri yomwe tizilombo timanyekedwa ndi mawonekedwe awo onse. Komabe, nsikidzi zimatha kulowa mu matupi athu m'njira zina. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mexico, ziphuphu zimapangidwa ndi ufa wa chikasu wambiri, womwe umakhala ndi mapuloteni 58 peresenti ndipo uli ndi amino acid ofunika monga tyrosine, tryptophan, ndi phenylalanine. Pazinthu zowonjezereka, tizilombo tingathe kukhala chakudya chodyetsa ziweto kotero kuti tidziwidwe mwatcheru.
Kodi Tizilombo Titha Kudya Kudya?
Anthu akhala akudya tizilombo kwa mikango popanda kudwala, kotero mu mawonekedwe awo osasokonezeka ndi achilengedwe, tizilombo zokwanira zimakhala zotetezeka. Komabe, palinso nkhawa zina zokhudza chitetezo cha tizilombo zomwe zimafuna kufufuza kwina.
Choyamba, m'zaka za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala opha tizilombo ndi zitsulo zolemera, mankhwala osiyanasiyana amatha kulowa m'zilombo.
Chachiwiri, tizilombo tina timatha kutenga mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa anthu kudwala. Mwachitsanzo, akakolola pansi, tizilombo timatha kutenga E. coli kapena mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa matenda monga tetanus, botulism, ndi anthrax. Chonde dziwani kuti mfundo yachiwiriyi ikuganiziridwa mokwanira kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi chokolola tizilombo kuchokera kumalo oyandikana nawo, koma ali ndi chidziwitso chochepa kapena chidziwitso chochepa, kuti asagwiritse ntchito chizoloŵezichi koma m'malo mwake agule mankhwala ogulitsira mankhwala kuchokera kwa anthu olemekezeka, otetezeka komanso oyeretsa. (Ngati akufuna kuyesera, Amazon imagulitsa nyongolotsi, njuchi, ndi ziwala.)
Chachitatu, chimafunikanso kufufuzidwa ngati kukonza tizilombo kumayambitsa kupanga poizoni kapena ngati tizilombo timatha kukolola.
Chachinayi, ngakhale kuti chikayikiridwa, chimawonekeratu kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chifuwa chofikira ku fumbi lamtundu wa mafupa ndi amphepete mwachisawawa angasonyeze mitundu yowonongeka kwa tizilombo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati muli ndi mankhwala ophera fumbi kapena nkhono, mukhoza kusiya kudya nkhanza.
N'chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Ayenera Kudya Tizilombo?
Pali zifukwa zambiri zolimbikitsa zomwe zimalimbikitsa chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa pakati pa anthu.
Chitsime chopezeka mosavuta . Kufunika kwa mapuloteni ochokera ku zinyama kumayembekezeka kukwera ndi 76 peresenti pofika chaka cha 2050. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kufunika kwa anthu a m'mayiko akutukuka; anthu omwe angapindule ndi tizilombo toyamwa. Ndiponsotu, ndi kosavuta kukolola njuchi m'malo moweta ng'ombe.
Kutentha kwa dziko . Pakalipano, ziweto zimayambitsa 14 peresenti ya mpweya woipa wa mpweya umene umatulutsa kutentha kwa dziko lonse lapansi. Tizilombo tokolola kapena kulima zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chofunika kwambiri.
Mu nkhani ya 2016 yomwe ili ndi tizilombo todyeka ndi tsogolo? , Arnold van Huis analemba kuti:
"Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi njira zosangalatsa [pogwiritsa ntchito nyama] poganizira za kutaya kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa nthaka, dera laling'ono lofunika kuti likhale ndi mapuloteni okwana 1 makilogalamu, chakudya chawo chokhala ndi chakudya choyenera, komanso kuthekera kwawo kutembenuza mitsinje yambiri pamapiritsi amtengo wapatali."
Ntchito mwayi. M'mayiko osauka, kukolola kwa tizilombo kungapangitse patsogolo moyo wa anthu ogwirizanitsa ndi malonda makamaka amayi a kumidzi. Kuyika mphepo yachuma yomwe yowonjezereka kukolola kwa tizilombo ingathe kubweretsa anthu osauka m'malingaliro, taganizirani kuti mbozi ya mopane, yomwe imapezeka kum'mwera kwa Africa, imabweretsa pafupifupi $ 85 miliyoni pachaka. Kuwonjezera apo, m'madera ena a Cameroon ndi Congo Basin, malonda a tizilombo amatha kuchita 20 peresenti ya ndalama zonse.
Kodi Achimereka Angadye Tizilombo?
Anthu ambiri ndi okongola kwambiri ndi tizilombo ndipo amatha kuwasonkhanitsa ndi zinyalala mu dumpster kapena kuwonongeka kwa pamsewu kusiyana ndi kudya chokoma chokoma. Kuchokera m'malingaliro amalingaliro, ife timapeza chisokonezo ichi pakati pa zaka ziwiri ndi zisanu, ndipo chimakhudza kwambiri ndi lingaliro la kudya tizilombo kusiyana ndi malingaliro a chakudya ichi.
Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amadana ndi lingaliro la tizilombo ngati chakudya, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu a ku America chikhoza kudya kudya mankhwala enaake. Mwapadera, pakati pa anthu a ku America amene samadya tizilombo nthawi zonse, 72 peresenti adanena kuti angayese kuyesa tizilombo kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti amuna ndi ochepa kuposa amayi kuti asangalatse kudya tizilombo ngati malo amchere. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kudziŵa bwino ndi tizilombo monga chakudya kumakhudzanso chikhumbo cha munthu kuyesa tizilombo.
Maganizo Ogawanika
Zilimbikitsanso kuti zochitika zokhudzana ndi matendawa zimayamba kutchuka m'dziko lakumadzulo. Tizilombo tizilombo timene timakhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso tomwe timakolola tizilombo timene timakhala bwino mosavuta kusiyana ndi kuweta ng'ombe ndi ziweto zina.
Kuwombera m'mimba kungapindulitse kwambiri mayiko omwe akutukuka komwe anthu ambiri alibe chakudya chokwanira. Mwamwayi, chifukwa cha mizinda ya m'midzi, zotsutsana ndi zodzitetezera zikufala m'mayiko osauka. Ambiri okhala mumzindawu akukhala m'mayikowa akuwona kuti tizilombo timakonda kwambiri. Mwinanso, tizilombo timanyozedwa ngati chakudya chomwe anthu amadya njala ndipo alibe zakudya zina zoti adye. Zotsutsanazi zingalepheretse anthu ambiri omwe akukhala m'mayiko akutukuka kuti azichita zambiri.
> Zotsatira:
> McGrew WC. 'Other Faunivory' Revisited: Insectivory mu Anthu ndi Osati Anthu Primates ndi Evolution ya Mankhwala. Journal of Human Evolution . 71: 4-11.
> van Huis A. Tizilombo Tomwe Timadya Ndi Tsogolo. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2016; 75: 294-305.
> Van Huis A et al. Tizilombo Tomwe Timadya: Tsogolo Labwino la Chakudya ndi Chakudya Chakudya . Rome: FAO; 2013.
> Yen AL. Kusungunuka kwa tizilombo komanso tizilombo tosungira: Zina mwa Maganizo Omwe Amagwiritsa Ntchito Mimba. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2009; 13: 667-670.