Kodi matenda obwera chifukwa cha zakudya amatha bwanji kuwonongeka kwa zakudya? Makampani a ku United States a Mavuto a Matenda (CDC) amatanthauzira kusokonezeka kwa matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha chakudya pamene zimachitika pamene anthu awiri kapena angapo amapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda ofanana ndi zakudya kapena zakumwa zomwezo. Potsirizira pake, sizitenga zambiri kuti zidzatchulidwe ngati matenda obwera chifukwa cha zakudya, koma mwatsoka, zimatengera zozizwitsa zoposa ziwiri kuti zifufuze ndi kufufuza za kuphulika kumeneku.
Kufufuza Zophulika Zambiri za Padziko ndi Padziko Lonse
Kudyetsedwa matenda okhudzidwa ndi zakudya pambuyo pofufuza kufufuza kwa CDC ndi mabungwe ena. Pogwirizana ndi malo, dera, ndi mabungwe ena a boma, mauthenga akusonkhanitsidwa kuti adziwe momwe kapena chifukwa chake kuphulika kunayambira, kukhazikitsa njira zowononga, ndi kuteteza kuphulika kwa mtsogolo. Dongosolo la US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ndi Food Safety ndi Inspection Service (FSIS) amathandizanso kuti adziwe matenda okhudzana ndi zakudya, kuyendera chakudya ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito, kufufuza zaulimi, ndikulengeza chakudya. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza kwa matenda obwera chifukwa cha zakudya kumafunika kufufuza mofulumira pa dzina la thanzi labwino, pali njira yomwe CDC imatsatira mufukufuku uliwonse wa mayiko osiyanasiyana.
Pulogalamu ya CDC yofufuza zochitika zisanu ndi ziwiri
CDC ikufotokoza ndondomeko zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndi kuyendetsa ziphuphu, kupewa matenda opatsirana, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti kuphulika kwa mtsogolo kungapewe bwanji.
Ndi mabungwe angapo omwe akuyambitsa chiwopsezo pa nthawi iliyonse, zambiri mwa njirazi zofufuzira zimayesedwa nthawi imodzi.
Khwerero 1: Kuzindikira Mliri Wovuta
Pakati pazidziwitso, CDC ndi mabungwe oyanjana nawo amaonetsetsa kuti nthawi zonse izi zitheke, kuphatikizapo:
- Kuwonetsetsa kwa thanzi la anthu: Kusonkhanitsa malipoti a matenda nthawi zonse kumalola CDC kudziwa chiwerengero cha matenda kuyembekezera malinga ndi malo ndi nthawi.
- Kuwunika Magulu ndi Kuphulika: Ambiri kuposa magulu omwe akuyembekezeka omwe ali ndi matenda omwewo m'dera lomwelo ndi nthawi yomwe amatchedwa masango. Nthendayi zikadutsa m'gululi zimagwirizana ndi matenda omwewo, gulu la matenda limatchedwa kuphulika.
- Kuzindikira Gulu kapena Kuphulika, Kulengeza Kwachizolowezi ndi Osalongosoka: Lipoti losavomerezeka limaphatikizapo anthu a m'deralo akuchenjeza dipatimenti ya zaumoyo kuderalo kuti afotokoze gulu la matenda omwe akukayikira kuti ali ndi zakudya. Ngakhale kulengeza mwakhama kumafuna kuti madokotala ndi akatswiri azaumoyo adzalankhule pamene matenda ena amapezeka.
Khwerero 2: Kufotokozera ndi Kupeza Milandu
Kawirikawiri, zochitika zoyamba zowonongeka zokha zimangopereka chiwerengero chochepa cha chiwerengero cha ziphuphu. Polemba tanthauzo la chidziwitso, CDC ikhoza kudziwa kuti ndi anthu ati omwe akuphatikizidwa ngati mbali ya kuvutitsa.
Tsatanetsatane wa ndondomeko ikhoza kuphatikizapo mfundo zotsatirazi:
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena poizoni, ngati tikudziwika
- Zizindikiro zina zomwe zimakhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena poizoni
- Nthawi yambiri yomwe matendawa amachitika
- Mayiko osiyanasiyana, monga kukhala mmadera kapena dera
- Zina, monga DNA zala
Ngati pali zofukufuku zambiri, kufufuzako tsopano akutha kupeza matenda ambiri okhudzana ndi kuphulika kumeneku.
Khwerero 3: Kupanga Lingaliro Lomwe Zomwe Zingachitike
Kuchita Zophatikizapo-Kuyankhulana Kwachidule ndi Kulemba Zokambiranazi zimapangitsa ofufuza kuti apange lingaliro pazomwe zimayambitsa zowopsa.
Khwerero Chachinayi: Kuyesera Maganizo
Kamodzi kafukufuku atsimikiziridwa, ayenera kuyesedwa. Kuyesera kulingalira kuti mudziwe chomwe chimayambitsa kugwidwa kumachitika kawiri mwa njira ziwiri: analytic epidemiological maphunziro ndi kuyezetsa chakudya.
Phunziro la Epidemiologic: Mu zofukufuku zapadera za matenda , zofananitsa zimapangidwa pakati pa magulu kuti azindikire zomwe zimayambitsa zoopsa zosiyanasiyana poyambitsa vuto kuphatikizapo, koma osati:
- Mipikisano yowonekera pa chinthu china chakudya
- Mphamvu ya gulu lowerengetsera
- Ubale wa mayendedwe
- Kupangira chakudya, kukonzekera, ndi utumiki
- Kugawa kwa chakudya
Kuyesedwa kwa Chakudya: Kuyesedwa kwa zakudya, pambali ina, kumafuna kupeza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi DNA yomweyi yazing'ono za zakudya zopanda chakudya komanso kuchokera ku zitsulo. Kuyezetsa kotereku kungapangitse kuti munthu athe kupeza magwero a matenda.
Ngakhale kuti ochita kafukufuku akupeza kuti zowonjezera zowonetsera chakudya, zimamveka kuti zimatha kukhazikitsa zotsatira zosasangalatsa kapena zosokoneza pa zifukwa zingapo:
- Zakudya zokhudzana ndi maulendo ang'onoting'ono afupipafupi nthawi zambiri sichipezeka panthawi yomwe mliriwu umadziwika, kotero sangathe kuyesedwa.
- Ngakhale ngati akuganiza kuti chakudya chilipo, tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo tingakhale kovuta kuti tiwone. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikhoza kuchepa chiwerengero chifukwa chiyambi kapena zamoyo zina zikhoza kuwonjezereka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati chakudya chinayamba kupasula.
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikhoza kukhala mu gawo limodzi lokha la chakudya. Chitsanzo chomwe chatengedwa kuchokera ku gawo losasokonezedwa chidzakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa zoyesa. Choncho, zotsatira zoipa sizitulutsa chakudya ichi ngati magwero a matenda kapena chifukwa cha kuphulika.
- Zakudya zakutchire kapena zakudya zotseguka zitha kukhala zonyansa pambuyo pa kuvutuka kapena kuyanjana ndi chakudya chimene chinayambitsa kuphulika.
- Mavitamini ena sangathe kudziwika kuti ali ndi chakudya chifukwa palibe mayeso omwe angayang'ane tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Khwerero 5: Kupeza Mtsinje Wosokonezeka ndi Gwero la Chakudya
Mfundo yotsutsana ikupezeka pochita zoyezetsa zachilengedwe kuti mudziwe momwe chakudyacho chinawonongedwera. Ofufuza ambiri amaganizira izi:
- Mafunsowo ndi omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amadziŵa kumene chakudyacho chinachokera, momwe chinagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kukonzekera, ndipo kutentha kotani kumene chakudyacho chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi.
- Kupenda zaumoyo ndi njira za maphunziro a antchito ndi dziko la khitchini (mwachitsanzo, ukhondo).
- Kukhala ndi thanzi la antchito panthaŵi yake chakudya chinali chodetsedwa kuti chiipitsidwe.
- Bweretsani malipoti oyang'anira kale
- Pezani kufufuza "Traceback"
Khwerero 6: Kulamulira Kuphulika
Nthawi ina chakudya chitatsimikiziridwa kukhala gwero la kuphulika, njira zowonetsera zimatulutsidwa moyenera ndipo zingaphatikizepo:
- Miyeso yeniyeni yoyeretsa ndi kuwononga maofesi onse omwe adalumikizana ndi chakudya monga mahoitchini ndi processing zomera
- Kutseketsa malo ogulitsa chakudya, mahoitchini, ndi zina zotero.
- Kumbukirani zinthu zakudya
- Kudziwitsa anthu za vutoli, njira zothandizira, zizindikiro za matenda, ndi zina zotero.
Gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri: Kutsimikiza Kuphulika kuli Kwambiri
Chiwerengero cha matenda atsopano chikutembenukira kumbuyo, kuphulika kumaonedwa kuti kwatha. Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo akupitiriza kuyang'anitsitsa mkhalidwewo ngakhale atayamba kuwoneka kuti akuonetsetsa kuti matenda sakuyambiranso ndipo chakudya chodetsedwa chikuchotsedweratu ku chakudya.